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碳中和愿景下的中国能源转型之路 Article

张枢, 陈文颖

《工程（英文）》 2022年第14卷第7期页码 64-76 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.09.004

摘要：本文利用能源-环境-经济模型China TIMES，设计了4个面向碳中和的能源转型情景，对因实现碳达峰时间不同和2050年碳排放量不同引起的转型路径差异进行了比较。

关键词：碳中和能源转型气候变化减缓 China TIMES模型协同效应

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Rolling-element bearings in China: From ancient times to the 20th century

Lie SUN,Ang LI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 33-43 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0373-2

摘要：

The development of rolling-element bearings in China has spanned a long period. Based on several typical and important cases, the present article reconstructs the history of rolling-element bearings in China by dividing it into four stages according to the various characteristics of the bearings. The first stage represents the origin of rolling bearings in China, which remains controversial because of several suspected races and cages that were likely the components of bearings more than a millennium ago. At the second stage, a type of simple roller bearing was used for astronomical instruments not later than the 13th century based on clear philological and physical evidence. A similar bearing was also applied to an abridged armillary in the 17th century. Another type of spherical thrust bearings with rolling elements, which is a key component of a traditional Chinese windmill, could support a rotating shaft that moves rotationally and at an angle. At the third stage, the Chinese began studying and using the so-called European-style bearing since the 17th century. Moreover, over the last 100 years, the modern rolling bearing industry was gradually established in China, particularly because of the technology transfer from the Soviet Union in the 1950s. At the fourth stage, the Chinese government initiated the relatively rapid development of bearing technology. The government launched the “bearing movement” from the 1950s to the 1960s to establish the modern bearing industry and to promote rolling bearings as replacement for traditional sliding bearings. Furthermore, a number of large professional factories and institutions in China have continually introduced advanced technology and equipment. At present, these companies and institutions play a significant role in the international bearing industry.

关键词： bearing movement rolling-element bearing China early rolling bearings technology transfer

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Applicability of high dimensional model representation correlations for ignition delay times of n-heptane

Wang LIU, Jiabo ZHANG, Zhen HUANG, Dong HAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 367-376 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0584-9

摘要： It is difficult to predict the ignition delay times for fuels with the two-stage ignition tendency because of the existence of the nonlinear negative temperature coefficient (NTC) phenomenon at low temperature regimes. In this paper, the random sampling-high dimensional model representation (RS-HDMR) methods were employed to predict the ignition delay times of n-heptane/air mixtures, which exhibits the NTC phenomenon, over a range of initial conditions. A detailed n-heptane chemical mechanism was used to calculate the fuel ignition delay times in the adiabatic constant-pressure system, and two HDMR correlations, the global correlation and the stepwise correlations, were then constructed. Besides, the ignition delay times predicted by both types of correlations were validated against those calculated using the detailed chemical mechanism. The results showed that both correlations had a satisfactory prediction accuracy in general for the ignition delay times of the n-heptane/air mixtures and the stepwise correlations exhibited a better performance than the global correlation in each subdomain. Therefore, it is concluded that HDMR correlations are capable of predicting the ignition delay times for fuels with two-stage ignition behaviors at low-to-intermediate temperature conditions.

关键词： ignition delay random sampling high dimensional model representation n-heptane fuel kinetics

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Effect of 2,5-dimethylfuran addition on ignition delay times of n-heptane at high temperatures

Zhenhua GAO, Erjiang HU, Zhaohua XU, Geyuan YIN, Zuohua HUANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 464-473 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0609-z

摘要： The shock tube autoignition of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF)/n-heptane blends (DMF0-100%, by mole fraction) with equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 over the temperature range of 1200–1800 K and pressures of 2.0 atm and 10.0 atm were investigated. A detailed blend chemical kinetic model resulting from the merging of validated kinetic models for the components of the fuel blends was developed. The experimental observations indicate that the ignition delay times nonlinearly increase with an increase in the DMF addition level. Chemical kinetic analysis including radical pool analysis and flux analysis were conducted to explain the DMF addition effects. The kinetic analysis shows that at lower DMF blending levels, the two fuels have negligible impacts on the consumption pathways of each other. As the DMF addition increases to relatively higher levels, the consumption path of n-heptane is significantly changed due to the competition of small radicals, which primarily leads to the nonlinear increase in the ignition delay times of DMF/n-heptane blends.

关键词： ignition delay time shock tube kinetic model 2 5-dimethylfuran (DMF) n-heptane

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论新时代的创新人才

甘自恒,金又琳

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第11期页码 26-34

摘要：

阐明了研究新时代创新人才的重大意义，揭示了新时代的内涵：以创新为时代精神，包括从多种视角揭示的和平发展时代，生态文明时代，知识经济时代，政冶多极化时代，创意文化时代，改革开放时代；把新时代的创新人才分为4类：一般创新人才，拔尖创新人才，杰出创新人才，大师级创新人才；概括了新时代创新人才的5个基本特征：观念的时代性，素质的全面性，导向的先进性，研究的综合性，成果的创新性；总结了新时代创新人才的成才模式，阐述了研究新时代创新人才对高等教育创新的启示和建议。

关键词：新时代一般创新人才拔尖创新人才杰出创新人才大师级创新人才

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与时倶进开拓创新——国防科学技术工业民用爆破器材研究所

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第5期页码 93-94

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山东氢能——乘势而起顺势而上

凌文

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第6期页码 726-727 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.04.007

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dispatching rules in a stochastic dynamic job shop manufacturing system with sequence-dependent setup times

Pankaj SHARMA,Ajai JAIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第4期页码 380-389 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0315-9

摘要：

Stochastic dynamic job shop scheduling problem with consideration of sequence-dependent setup times are among the most difficult classes of scheduling problems. This paper assesses the performance of nine dispatching rules in such shop from makespan, mean flow time, maximum flow time, mean tardiness, maximum tardiness, number of tardy jobs, total setups and mean setup time performance measures viewpoint. A discrete event simulation model of a stochastic dynamic job shop manufacturing system is developed for investigation purpose. Nine dispatching rules identified from literature are incorporated in the simulation model. The simulation experiments are conducted under due date tightness factor of 3, shop utilization percentage of 90 % and setup times less than processing times. Results indicate that shortest setup time (SIMSET) rule provides the best performance for mean flow time and number of tardy jobs measures. The job with similar setup and modified earliest due date (JMEDD) rule provides the best performance for makespan, maximum flow time, mean tardiness, maximum tardiness, total setups and mean setup time measures.

关键词： scheduling stochastic dynamic job shop sequence-dependent setup times dispatching rule simulation

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材料的一种新型应力应变模型

张于贤,王红

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第8期页码 88-91

摘要：

为研究自增强超高压容器的残余应力，提出了一个新型的应力应变模型，该模型比别的模型更接近于自增强超高压容器用钢的实际工作情况；以某材料为例介绍了确定该新型模型的方法，并对其误差进行了分析，论述了由一般的拉伸曲线求解该新型的应力应变关系模型的可行性及可靠性。

关键词：低合金高强度钢自增强应力应变模型硬化参数

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基于碳排放达峰约束的2030年中国能源供需模型及实证研究

陈进行

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第4期页码 512-517 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.019

摘要：

综合考虑经济发展、技术进步、政策目标、资源禀赋、环境容量等方面因素，设计了中国能源供需模型，构建了碳排放提前达峰和既定达峰两种情景。应用模型对两种情景下的能源供需和碳排放进行了分析，结果显示：2030年前一次能源和电力需求将持续增长，电力需求增速将显著快于一次能源需求；低碳化是能源供需结构变化的基本特征，2030年前非化石能源将超过石油成为第二大能源

关键词：碳排放达峰能源供需模型情景

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近代以来中医命运的三个历史必然性

苗东升

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第5期页码 25-31

摘要：论证了近代以来在工业文明的影响下中医衰落的必然性和中医大难不死的必然性，以及随着新文明转型的到来中医复兴的必然性，进而分析了中医复兴的曲折性。

关键词：还原论科学；复杂性科学；科学转型；中医复兴

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往者不可谏来者犹可追

秦伯益

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第12期页码 34-39

摘要：

明清以来妨碍中国科学技术发展的因素很多，其中以社会政治因素的影响最直接、最明显。“康乾盛世”象征着中国封建主义消亡过程中的“回光返照”，它并不是由反映先进生产力的科学技术和工商业的发展所致。因此，“盛世”一过，接着就是“危世”、“末世”。晚清历史，既是帝国主义侵略史，更是中国封建主义衰亡史。解放后，科技事业空前发展。其间，由于在把握中国革命历史方位上的偏差，对科技事业也造成过不利的影响。在拨正了革命航向后，面对国际知识经济大潮，我国正积极改善科技创新环境，兴利除弊，迎战未来。

关键词：资产阶级革命 “康乾盛世” 革命历史方位科技创新

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SARS流行预测分析

王建锋

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第8期页码 23-29

摘要：表面上突如其来的SARS本质上却有极规律的内在发展演化机制，遵从初始缓慢增长、加速、减速和稳定终止四个阶段总体道路，自然和社会生活领域众多事件演化都符合这一规律，因而可以运用广义的Logistic生长模型进行描述基于先期流行的广东SARS感染病例数据，以及尚未结束的北京、全国2003年SARS流行统计数据，借助于最优化分析技术，运用广义的Logistic生长模型对该事件演化特征参量进行了辨识；在此基础上，又借助于广义生长模型的特例——Gompertz函数进行了演化过程的预测，并与其他生长模型结果进行了比较。研究表明，生长模型模拟结果均与实际数据有很好的一致性，可以用来预测事件的发生演化过程，此次SARS事件堪称生长模型的经典实例。

关键词： SARS 广义的Logistic生长模型 Gompertz分布预测最优化

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受限空间火灾模型研究进展

郑昕,袁宏永

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第3期页码 68-74

摘要：

火灾模型是从工程科学的角度出发，分析研究火灾的发生、发展，烟气蔓延以及火灾对周围环境诸如建筑设备、森林植被及大气环境等影响的数学模型。介绍了广泛应用于建筑物内部受限空间的场、区域、网模型以及经验模型的理论思想与数学方程，分析了4种模型在相应环境下应用的合理性，并对火灾模型的发展做出了展望。

关键词：受限空间场模型区域模型网模型场区网模型经验模型

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中国动态大地坐标框架最优实现的方法与应用 Article

程鹏飞, 成英燕, 王晓明, 吴素芹, 徐彦田

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第8期页码 879-897 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.004

摘要：

2000国家大地坐标系（CGCS2000）作为正式发布的法定坐标系已运用了多年。在我国，所有基于全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测站的坐标为了与CGCS2000框架保持一致，都需要进行坐标改正。实现最佳CGCS2000框架需采用不同的策略，而不同的策略会导致不同的结果，有的差异甚至达到几分米。GNSS测站坐标改正常用的两种方法是CGCS2000控制下的拟稳平差和板块运动改正，两种方法计算的结果相差超过10 cm。本文将监督聚类（supervised clustering）统计方法应用于GNSS基准站的选择，同时提出了GNSS测站大网数据处理分组的间距分区（partition spacing）法，并用板块运动改正将当前历元GNSS测站坐标归算至CGCS2000参考历元。结果表明，新的分区方法明显优于传统的地理分区方法。当以不分组的测站坐标为标准时，新分区方法得到的三维坐标分量的精度均优于2 mm。监督聚类法得到的x、y、z方向上的速度均方根（RMS）分别为0.19 mm·a^–1、0.45 mm·a^–1和0.32 mm·a^–1，远小于传统方法的0.92 mm·a^–1、0.72 mm·a^–1和0.97 mm·a^–1。此外，采用奇异谱分析（SSA）对位置非线性运动进行建模和预测。在东、北、高（E、N和U）方向，SSA的建模精度分别优于3 mm、2 mm和5 mm，在水平方向和垂直方向的预测精度分别优于5 mm和1 cm。

关键词：参考框架优化实现中国板块模型 CGCS2000维持非线性运动建模